Conflict in Ireland essays

Struggle in Ireland expositions Struggle in Ireland. 1.)There are two primary gatherings in Ireland, these being Republicans and Unionists. Republicans need Ireland to be liberated from British guideline and for Ireland to be joined inside itself and have no associations with Britain. Unionists bolster the association of Great Britain and Ireland and like it to remain as such. Republicans accept that the contention began path back throughout the entire existence of Ireland. Onlookers accept that since Ireland has had a background marked by strife at that point struggle is inescapable. The manner by which individuals engaged with the contention use history can take care of the perspectives on individuals of the current day who are re-taking on conflicts of the past. Nonetheless, the perspectives on certain students of history is that the issue isn't history itself however the manner in which individuals use history. There is a significant contrast between what really occurred and how it is deciphered, and especially the legends which create from it. Another contrast between the Republicans and Unionists bunches is the point at which the Anglo-Irish arrangement of 1922 was discharged, this brought about an unpleasant war when the British government parceled Ireland and made Northern Ireland it caused contention. Most Unionists didn't need parcel, they needed the entire of the nation (counting the nations made into Northern Ireland) to be free of Britain. There was destined to be a war between Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith against different Nationalists who thought the parcel was an unsatisfactory trade off. They didn't need Britain to help Ireland now on the grounds that in the potato starvation of 1845-51 Britain wouldn't help by any means. 2.)The Easter Rising of 1916 is significant in molding the perspectives on Republicans, Unionists, Protestants and Catholics. It started in the spring of 1916-The IRB were worried that the issue of Irelands opportunity was being disregarded on account of the First World War. They believed that solitary outfitted act ... <!

General Motors -- Consumer Market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

General Motors - Consumer Market - Assignment Example It additionally looks to focus on the elegant market by developing its deals for Cadillac and increment its development in the Chinese market through its joint endeavors. Its interests in China reach $14 billion expected to improve creation and assembling somewhere in the range of 2014 and 2018 (Rama, 2013). With each market, GM understands that it has an alternate objective and another test to make a vehicle that will suit the client profile. To comprehend the market, the organization needs to make items that make it simpler to fit into the customer’s profile. The objective is to guarantee that the client desires are met and even surpassed. To do this, the clients run from low-pay workers to the high-pay workers, with each class given a reasonable vehicle pricewise and agreeable to the drivers (Falter, 2013). In spite of the class, the solace is an assurance. The organization has a proactive methodology towards meeting client profile needs and requests by beginning from the plan procedure in order to be as per the client. This permits the improvement of any procedure to be in accordance with the necessities noted from the clients (Kurtz, 2010). To accomplish its objectives, GM has come about to the utilization of the qualities that have held it together from the start. The point is to set up a dream they can meet by permitting clients to be their sole determinants of what to make. This has made the organization utilize its assets to showcase those vehicles that have kept up consistent development throughout the years to make a stage that rotates around the strategic developing the worth that GM has accomplished after some time (Falter, 2013). This is combined with expanded targets of fulfilling their business sectors and guaranteeing they have quality items to fulfill their clients and in the long run improve its monetary outcomes. Truth be told, boosting the company’s benefit has gotten one of the significant targets of its advertising objectives as a result of the years that decreased its productivity and prompted its chapter 11. With the desire to make, associate and contend, GM

The Life of an Administrative Assistant free essay sample

The life of an Administrative Assistant Most Administrative Assistants obligations rotate around overseeing and appropriating data inside an office. Frequently people are utilized by schools, organizations, government offices, lawful firms and social insurance offices. This for the most part incorporates noting telephones, taking updates and looking after documents. Clerical specialists may likewise be responsible for sending and accepting correspondence, just as welcome clients and customers. In certain workplaces they may need to screen and record consumptions. In certain examples they are required to do booking and getting ready introduction materials. A few colleagues may need to type and edit records. The instruction and preparing requires the person to be ensured or have a multi year partner degree program. This is typically offered at a junior college. A few universities offer bachelor’s certificate programs in business profound respect, which are multi year programs that assist you with planning understudies for this vocation. Contingent upon what sort of office you need to work in different courses should be taken. We will compose a custom paper test on The Life of an Administrative Assistant or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Your school advisor can assist you with setting those up. You are urged to turn into a guaranteed authoritative expert this is a one year program. Most places will require this you will learn look into aptitudes, interchanges abilities, administrator, office the executives and systems administration. Some other preparing may incorporate bookkeeping, showcasing, measurements, fund, business composing and law. The compensation for a clerical specialist is engaging the eye. Pay ranges from $17. 00 dollars an hour to $21. 00 60 minutes. The yearly wages are somewhere in the range of 29, 000 to 69,000 every year indeed, this relies upon what office or what kind of work you like. The activity viewpoint for this profession is by all accounts awesome. From 2008-2010 openings for work will develop about 11%.

Company law overview - Free Essay Example

Table of Contents Advantages of forming a incorporating company.. Differences between private limited company and public limited company.. Disadvantages of forming a company A company limited by shares, limited by guarantee or unlimited Three ways the Company Act 2006 has affected private companies Documents required for registration.. Role of Registrar of companies What is the effect of section 33 of Companies Act 2006. Corporate personality and effect on Jack and Jill.. Bibliography.. Advantages of forming a incorporating company The process of formation (registration) incorporated company is regulated by law in the Companies Act 2006. Summarised below the main advantages of incorporating the company. Limited Liability The most important of the advantages of incorporation is its limited liability, what means that the legal responsibility of shareholders is limited to the amount paid on their shares. The most important thing for Jack and Jill might be that their personal assets will not be put at risk. Separate Legal Identity The limited liability company is a legal entity separate from the board and its members (shareholders). And again, any debts made by the company will not be borne personally. Protection of Company Name The name of the company must be unique and no one else cannot use it. However the choice of company name is restricted and complies with the rules. Continuity In case that Directors, management and employees leave, retire, die it doesnt mean that the company will be winding up. Once the company is formed it will be exist till insolvency, bankruptcy, liquidation or other cause of the courts or Registrar of Companies. Taxation Sole traders and partnership companies pay income tax but the companies pay corporation tax which has currently lower rate than income tax. There are also wider range of allowances and tax deductible costs which decreases the taxable profit. Differences between private limited company and public limited company DIFFERENCES PUBLIC COMPANIES PRIVATE COMPANIES NAME Must end with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Public Limited Company or PLC Must end with Private Limited Company or LTD (unless the company is unlimited) SHARE CAPITAL Must have a minimum subscribed share capital of  £50,000 and this must be paid up to at least 25% (at least  £12,500 must already have been raised by the issue of shares) No limit on share capital SHARES The company may offer its shares and debentures to the public (stock exchange) Cannot be advertised for sale or listed on the stock exchange DIRECTORS At least 2 One director COMPANY SECRETARY Must have suitably qualified company secretary There is no obligation to have a secretary, if there is one does not need to be qualified ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING Must hold every calendar year No obligation, of AGM, unless there is the decision to have one Disadvantages of forming a company In the first stage of the formation of a company must be prepared various documents, such as: memorandum of association and articles of association, a statement of capital and declaration of compliance, which must be delivered to the registrar of companies at Companies House. This stage is more laborious and complicated in comparison to the partnership and therefore incorporated companies will take longer to set up. The company also must have a unique name and gain unique number from Registrar of Companies. To set up the company there must be paid fees which make this type of company more expensive to set up. Also, there are extensive legal issues that have to be complied with. The various ongoing formalities must fill and publicity include the companys directors, secretary, also the financial accounts (which can be viewed by individual or other companies), the annual return of the company, and constitution. A company limited by shares, limited by guarantee or unlimited Limited by shares what means that the liability of the members (shareholders) of the company is limited by the memorandum to the amount capital originally invested. That will protect the shareholders private assets in the event of the company will announce bankruptcy. This kind of liability I would advice to Jack and Jills company as their private assets will not be involved in case of insolvency. Limited by guarantee means that the liability of shareholders is limited to the amount which they have undertaken or guaranteed to pay if company winding up. This kind of liability has normally been formed for educational or charitable purposes, and may or not have a share capital. If there is a share capital, the shareholders liability is for the amount of his shares and also to the amount of guarantee. Companies with no share capital normally gain funds by subscription or endowments. Unlimited means that there is no limit of the liability of the shareholders. Unlikely to the partnership the shareholders are not directly liable to creditors, but they are liable to the company. However, their liability is the same as partners. Three ways the Company Act 2006 has affected private companies In the Company Act 2006 many of the changes has applied to small private companies and its one of the most important rules is a simplification of the corporate regime. Some of these rules will be presented below: The company makes the decision if they wish to appoint the company secretary, as they are no longer obligated to do so. The shareholders written resolutions are no longer has to be unanimity. The simple majority of the eligible shares for ordinary resolutions, but 75% for special resolutions. The Act gives a possibility of reducing share capital by a company without obtaining the court order. Also reduces the period of filing the accounts from 10 to 9 from the financial year end. Documents required for registration 1. The memorandum of association This document is also known as an external constitution of the company, and determines key features of the companys status. From 1st of October 2009 the document was simplified and does not contain too much information, but it has to be prepared by those who wants to form an incorporation company under Company Act 2006. This must contain the subscribers names and signatures and if the company has a share capital, each of the member must have at least one share. 2. The articles of association (CA 2006 s. 18) The article of association (also known as internal constitution of the company) is the most important because it determines how company will be operate and regulates the rights between members, directors and company. The company has a right to make a changes to articles but it has to be done during the general meeting and the copy should be delivered, within 15 days from the day the changes were enacted, to the Registrar of Companies. Th e articles of association must be sign This document must be signed by each subscriber of the memorandum in the presence of a one witness and usually areas such as: Rights, duties and responsibilities of the directors; General meetingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ organization; Companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s members voting rights; Shares issues and transfers, sharesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ classes, share certificates; Paying dividends and etc. To make easier preparation of this document for the companies, Companies House has prepared standard article of association and might be adapted by this company. All of these documents are available to download from Companies House website: https://www.companieshouse.gov.uk/; but also can be received from: company formation agents, accountants or legal stationers. 3. IN01 form The registration application (which contains the statement of compliance) The name of the company might be chosen, by those of setting up the company, of any name they wish, however there is certain rules which must be kept. The situate of the office of the company A statement of the objects of the company A statement of the limitation of liability of the company A capital clause stating the amount of the share capital which is authorised and the division of the share capital into shares of a stated amount Role of Registrar of companies The Companies Act 2006 makes the rules how the documentation should be filled in Companies House. The Registrar of Companies is responsible to record and control from companies either new or existing, to incorporate and dissolve companies, regulates formation of new companies and changes of existing companies, and also deals with any breaches of Companies Act. The section 1117 Companies Act covers where is stated the form, deliveryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s manner, method of authentication, whether delivered electronically or as a paper document. The one of responsibility isto make the information available to the public. The names can be checked on Companies House website before formation, but also Registrar of Companies will check that if it is consistent with rules. The name of the company must be chosen very carefully, and the best way to make it easy to memorise is to make it as logical to the company activity as it possible. The name cannot be similar to other companies and sh ould be too long as the long names are difficult to memorise. The words cannot be used but might be if the company will receive a written permission from the Department of Constitutional Affairs. These words are: Royal, Queen, King. The words used by a company without a permission such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Solicitorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Patent Agentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ; might be treated as criminal offence. There is also words that company will need to get a written specified bodys permission, and they are: British, English, International, Group or Association. What is the effect of section 33 of Companies Act 2006 In the Section 33 of Companies Act 2006 that is provided information for a statutory contract between the company and its members; each member of the company and other companies. Over the years this contract have made a lot of controversy and confusion. The main question is if the contract might be enforced by members, to make sure that the right associated with them in another role such as the right given to a director who is also a member. In the members rights were breached, the company can be sued by them. Corporate personality and effect on Jack and Jill Corporate personality means that the company is treated as a legal entity and its personality exist independently from its owners, directors and shareholders. That means also that the company is liable for its own debts and can sue but it can be sued in its own name and also a company can buy and sell properties in its own name. The limited liability of the company means that the shareholders are not liable on its private assets for the debts belongs to the company (as the company and the owners are two separate entity). This might be one of main advantages to register the company by Jack and Jill with Companies House. In case of any problems with liquidity of the company, problems with paying companys liability such as loans or debenture, Jack and Jill private assets will be safe from creditors of the company. The case Salomon v A. Salomon Co. Ltd (1887) will illustrate and will be the best example the separate entity: Mr Salomon owned a boot-making business which was sol d to another company A. Salomon Co. Ltd, which had been formed by the same Salomon. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There were seven members in the business: his wife, daughter and four sons who took one share each and Salomon himself who took 20,000 shares. The price paid by the company to Salomon was  £30,000 but instead of giving him cash, the business gave him 20,000 fully paid shares and  £10,000 in the secured debentures i.e. he lent the company  £10,000 which was owed to Salomon and  £7000 to unsecured creditors. The unsecured creditors claimed that as Salomon Co Ltd was really the same person, he could not owe money to himself and that they should be paid their  £7000 first. Held: The House of Lords stated that Salomon was entitled to the  £6000 and the unsecured creditors got nothing. The reason for this decision was that the company was to be regarded as a completely separate person in the eyes of the law from its members and its officers. The House of Lords thought it a completely irrelevant argument that Salomon was the leading shareholder in the company and that he could effectively control the destiny of the business.[1] Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd has been taken from book Nicholas Grier, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Company Law, Second Editionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Scotland: W. Green Son Ltd, 2005) Bibliography: Nicholas Grier, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Company Law, Second Editionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Scotland: W. Green Son Ltd, 2005 Websites used: https://www.bridgewest.eu/ https://startups.co.uk/ https://www.companieshouse.gov.uk https://www.companylawclub.co.uk/ 1 [1] Case Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd has been taken from book Nicholas Grier, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Company Law, Second Editionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Scotland: W. Green Son Ltd, 2005)

The Manufacturing Of Toys The Lego Company History

Introduction For about a century ago, the Lego Company has been a dominant player in the world of toy making that, aside being a household name, it has become synonymous with fun, creativity and learning. Starting off as a result of a Danish carpenter’s passion, Lego has risen to capture the hearts of millions of kids, teeming youth and fanatic adults in the form of creativity and games. However, managing the company itself has not been all fun as Lego’s history includes a myriad of failures, bankruptcy, innovations and counter-innovation. The journey to global dominance in the manufacturing of toys was enmeshed in several strategic decisions that young managers needs to learn from in decision making and implementing of innovation in organizations. The Lego Company-History In 1916, Ole Kirk Kristiansen, a Danish carpenter purchased a woodworking shop mostly to help people construct houses and furniture, this he did pretty well until the Great Depression around 1929 which saw fewer customers building houses and buying furniture, He then decided to focus on smaller, affordable wooden projects. His desire to please children later inspired him to begin producing toys and by the year 1932, Kristiansen and his small staff of apprentices has started making piggybanks, pull toys, toy houses and cars. Due to the state of the economy at that time, the business was not very profitable as farmers often traded produce in exchange for his toys. His son Godtfred Christiansen also joinedShow MoreRelatedLego case study analysis1362 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Lego Case Study Analysis Pallav Mathur Q 1. What led the LEGO group to the edge of bankruptcy by 2004? By the end of 2003 Lego was already facing crisis owing to dipping profits and declining market pool for toys. Lego had planned to expand into markets beyond building toys and needed huge investment to be made in it. But it found difficult to compete when fad players and other toy manufacturers were giving them stiff competition in a market that already was supposed to be giving lesser returnsRead MoreEssay about Lego Case1303 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Flextronics offshore outsourcing project, LEGO had a very tight control of all the elements of the value chain. Their production plants were expansive and specialized which, in theory, would create a higher degree of standardization. Their Swiss factories only produced DUPLO toys and Technic products, their Danish factory solely produced LEGO System products, and the U.S. facility focused on American demands, while only 5 to 10 percent of the LEGO Group’s total production was outsourced to ChineseRead MoreThe Lego Group1284 Word s   |  6 Pages The LEGO Group: working with strategy. Date : 03 March 2012 Programme : BTECH-MANAGEMENT IV Question 1 Explain how the development of strategy at the LEGO Group reflect the key characteristics of strategic management outlined in section 1.2 and in the model in Figure 1.4? â€Å"Strategy is the long-term direction of an organization† (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2011, p.3). The LEGO Group started with the manufacture of stepladders, ironing boards, stools and wooden toys and hasRead MoreThe Lego Group : A Company1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe Lego Group is a privately family-owned company based in Billund Denmark and was founded in 1932 by Ole Kirk Christiansen. Legos are plastic construction toys; the history spans nearly 100 years; manufacturing of these interlocking toy bricks began in 1949 with the creation of small wooden Lego bricks (developed into six pieces of 2 by 4 bricks that can be combined in 915,103,765 ways, creating systematic creativity) but has since then grown into an iconic brand with factories around the worldRead MoreEssay on Lego Case Analysis 1618 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Lego Group Case: The Crisis Prior to finalizing a strategic recommendation for Knudstorp and the Lego Group, I needed to gain perspective on the industry and internal factors that have historically interfered with Lego’s business model, and thus lead them to the point of bankruptcy. In Exhibit A, I used the Porter’s five forces model to help identify and label the threats, demands, trends and opportunities of the toy industry. While Lego faced many different types of challenges, market trendsRead MoreEssay on LOGO case study2462 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Mgmt3347 individual case study TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction The essay is a strategic analysis for LEGO Group. LEGO Group is a famous toy company in the world, which established in Denmark. LEGO Brand is not only the familiar logo, but also the expectation. LEGO acts as a guarantee of quality and originality. LEGO’s core values are imagination, creativity, fun, learning, caring and quality. The essay will show strategic analysis by identifying the industry, analyzing generalRead MoreLego s First Toy Product1511 Words   |  7 PagesLEGO was founded in 1932 by Ole Kirk Kristiansen in Billund, Denmark. Currently, the company is owned by Ole Kirk’s grandson Kjeld. The word LEGO comes from a Danish phrase, â€Å"leg godt,† which means â€Å"play well.† In Latin, the word â€Å"LEGO† translates to â€Å"I put together,† a perfect definition for the products LEGO would soon create. Introduction. LEGO started as a small carpenter’s workshop and has grown to become a global enterprise. It is now one of the world’s largest manufacturers of toys. LEGORead MoreCompany Profile : The Lego Group2181 Words   |  9 PagesPART 1: COMPANY PROFILE – THE LEGO GROUP 1. What Company did you select and why? The company I selected is the Lego Group. The company is well known for its popular construction toy brand, Lego. The company is still privately owned by the original family who established it in 1932 which is the Kirk Kristiansen family. Its headquarter is based in Billude, Denmark. The core product of the company, the Lego brick, is available in more than 130 countries around the world (Klausen, 2012). In 2014, theRead MoreEssay on The Lego Group Case3410 Words   |  14 PagesFounded in 1932, the LEGO Group is a privately held company headquartered in Billund, Denmark. The vision of Lego Group is to â€Å"inspire children to explore and challenge their own creative potential†[1] Lego now ranks 4th in the world as a toy manufacturer. The Lego Group employs nearly 9,000 workers and its own product, Lego Brick can be found in over 130 countries. The financial performance of Lego declined drastically through the 1990’s and early 2000’s. In 2004, the company accum ulated losses ofRead MoreLego Strategic Analysis2658 Words   |  11 PagesLego strategic analysis 1 of 5 http://www.oxbridgewriters.com/essays/estate-management/lego-strategic... Cookie Information  » Search all our free essays... The free essays that we publish on Oxbridge Writers have been written by students. They are not the work of our Oxbridge qualified writers. But if youre looking for a custom written essay then we can help.... Get a quote for your own custom essay  » Search  » Share Download Like 17 Tweet 0 3 Print Download Email Lego strategic analysis

Analysing Mc Donald’s Supply Chain Management - 1742 Words

Supply Chain Management according to Tom Mc Guffog is Maximising added value and reducing total cost across the entire trading process through focusing on speed and certainty of response to the market. Supply chain management is one of the important area which requiring strategic planning in a business enterprise. Planning and decision making are required right from the production of goods till the goods reach the ultimate consumers in the most cost effective and timely manner. If a firm is able to manage its supply chain efficiently, it can increase its customer satisfaction because SCM ensure the deliverance of fast and quality products to customers. Supply chain includes all the activities from the conversion of raw materials, one end†¦show more content†¦8. Variety: supplying all the items listed on the menu is also a challenge, for example some of the items offered by Mc Donald’s is Blueberry Banana Nut Oatmeal but Mc Donald’s in itself is a very big marke t, growing blueberries and keeping the supply large enough to meet the demand of all the stores is not possible at all. Specific and Practicable Recommendation for action so as to improve the efficiency or effectiveness of the Supply Chain After discussing the supply chain issues faced by a restaurant we got to a conclusion that management of inventory plays a key role in the management of supply chain. The management is required not only of finished goods but also of raw material and work in process. Historically it has been proved that companies which are able to generate more cash flows with the help of supply chain have a higher stock price multiples than its competitors even if the earnings per share and growth rates are similar in the companies (CSCO Insights). Here are four strategies which will help organizations manage their inventory: 1. Management of safety stock: most of the companies use simple methods to determine the levels of safety stocks at different stages of supply chain for example use of SKU segmentation or four classification but these are not sufficient for today’s times. The most common of the process improvements is to use many more attributes associated with each SKU to in effect create a much larger number of itemShow MoreRelatedManaging Inventory Of A Supply Chain Management3066 Words   |  13 PagesKRAIHAN 8 HARLEY DAVIDSON_ KOMGROB KRAIHAN 8 CONCLUSION_ TUAN UYEN NGUYEN 8 REFERENCE: 9 Introduction The most important part in supply chain management is managing inventory as company operation tries to minimize cost from supplier, manufacturing, and production. Regarding to inventory, the management accounting must have understand the basic of inventory management. There are a numbers of techniques including: ABC system, EOQ model, TQM, and JIT system. All those several system are relating in

Business Management of Qantas Environment

Question: Discuss about the Business Management of Qantas Environment. Answer: Introduction The report is all about the business management of the organization in the general and specific environment. For the discussion, Qantas airlines will be taken. In the report, one factor from the general environment and one factor from the specific environment will be taken. The report will focus on the specific aspects of the organization by critical analysis. Qantas Airlines limited is one of the popular national airlines of Australia. This is the biggest airline in the Australian Airline industry and this is also the oldest working airline in the world. The Headquarter of the Qantas Airlines is Mascot Suburb, Sydney. The Airlines started its operations in 1920 with the name Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited. Now, in the present time Qantas is the famous long distance airline across the world. The mission of the company is to operate as the best airline across the world and to be the low cost airline in the world (Qantas airline, 2016). The main objectives of the Qantas Airlines are as follows: To ensure security and safety of the passengers through best safety services, To provide best customer services to its travelers and passengers, To improve the productivity of the company by continuous operational efficiency, To develop and prove Qantas as the best company in terms of low cost, and To provide best route for traveling by selecting proper and right way and aircraft. After some time, Qantas group has divided the services in to two airlines named Qantas and Jetstar. The company has various brands i.e. Qantas Frequent Flyer, Jetstar, Qantas freight, and Q-catering. These brands are operating in domestic, regional and international market having in-flight catering and travel services. This airline is a commercial airline. The main focus of the company is to adopt strong marketing policy such as operation policy and customer services. In this report, the aim is to strategically analyze business operations of Qantas Airlines (Qantas Airways, 2010). For this, environmental analysis in terms of general and specific factors will be done. It has been seen that the Qantas Airlines has evolved in this industry and also facing competition in the market. Along with this, there are many factors the can affect the business operations of the company. The CSR activities adopted by the company will also be described in the report. Organizations general environment General environment of the company includes those factors or conditions that generally affect the business operations in an industry or market. Those factors are legal, economic, social, political, and circumstances. These factors can be rules and regulations imposed by the government on trade practices, taxation or employment rule and climate. The climate in the business is such in which the customers have purchasing power and willingness to purchase the specific product or services. The business operation of the Qantas is affected by many environmental factors. The company is affected by political, technological, economic, social, legal and socio cultural factors. One of the general environment factor is economic factor which significantly on the business of Qantas. The performance of Australian economy is declining and also affecting the performance level of the company. The performance of Qantas Airlines has been affected by the economic condition of Australian market. There was financial crisis in the market that impacts the airline and hit the market. Along with this, the airline industry is also affected by the increased prices of oil and crude. There is instability in the economic situations in Australian market and that is the reason the business of the Qantas Airlines is affecting more (Pash, 2016). In the airline industry, there is strong competition in the market due to low cost airlines. There are many airlines which are attracting the customers by providing low cost services to them. Customers, now a days are very smart and they are able to compare the prices of the airlines through internet. Internet has made this thing very easy for them. Due to the competition, the Qantas has launched its carrier Jet Star. Along with this, another impact on the airlines is that the rates of business class carriers and first class travels are decreasing continuously. Their rates have come down drastically over the last few years. All the major airline companies found that the reducing rates in the business class and first class are one of the main causes of reducing the cost of the company. Qantas airlines are also facing same issue in the industry. On the other hand, the operators of airlines are reducing their costs by finding the instability in the system. So, they are putting efforts to reduce their operational costs. The main challenge for the Qantas is develop the financial cycle and indentify the investment opportunity for the business. Due to increment in the fuel prices, the Qantas has faced losses in last year (Lawton, 2002). The economic factors of the market are affecting the business of the company but it is important to deal with those factors for the success in the industry. As the business operator, the company cannot control the economic factors. Due to changes in the prices of fuel and crude, Qantas has faced many problems. By some strategic decisions, company will be able to overcome from the impact of economic factors. There is a need to adopt more aggressive and customized to cover Asian market. Company can import the oil and crude from such nations where the prices of fuel are low. Along with this, to overcome from the competition, company should provide innovative services with the travelling services. To deal with these factors, communication is the best option. Employees in the company can join the hands to solve the problem. The most important need of the business is to make money on the continuous basis (Qantas, 2015). To deal with the economic factors, it is important to focus on some po ints and those are as follows: There is the need in the Qantas to focus on the demand of customer for getting success in the market. The demand of the customers is the low cost traveling experience with the innovative services. Market research shows that consumers are now using technology to compare the prices and services. They switch to that airline which has low prices. So, there is the need to understand the demands of the customers. Company should do innovation in its services time to time (Roades Waguespack, 2008). This is another economic factor. High tax on the fuel and oil encourages the customers to switch to other airlines. Increasing charges of tickets are also affecting the decision of the customers. This situation can be deal by keeping the average rates for the customers. Along with this, company can provide attractive offers to the passengers (Law Leung, 2000). Organizations specific environment The specific environment of the organization can be described as the forces the environment from outside of the organization. These forces or environment are directly connected to the success of the organization because they have direct impact on the decision making process of the organization. The factor s of specific environment is unique and can be change according to the conditions. The important factors in the specific environment are suppliers, competitors, customers, and pressure groups. Customers are the important part of the company because they are the key of success. The company is providing good services to its customers. The company is trying to provide quality services to its customers because the buying and consumption behavior of the consumers are very important for the future growth. It has been observed that consumers are switching towards low cost airlines. Because of excess in their requirements, consumers of Qantas airlines are switching towards other airlines. But still, Qantas airlines are trying to identify the needs of the customers (Ranaweera Prabhu, 2003). The result is that it is the second largest airline in the Australia. The company is trying to provide different range of services to various customers and for this, it is operating its services for regional areas and international markets. Still having these services, the customers want more and they are switching to other low cost airlines. Failure in the services can lead negative impact on the customers and the company (Lewis McCann, 2004). Customers have lots of expectations from the airlines regarding prices, quality, and support of the employees etc. the company is always trying to fulfill the needs of the customers. But at some point, the company is failure in terms of providing services. The failure of the service can be the cause of customer dissatisfaction so there is the need to adopt some strategies (Lovelock, Wirtz, 2007). Those strategies can be: Company needs to identify that where is the problem. It involves identifying the problem and solving it quickly. There can be many problems such booking services, website error, aircraft services, quality, price, and behavior of the employees. There is a need to identify the problems by the company so that it could provide better services to the customers. After identification of the problem, the main aim of the company should be the recovery of the problem. By focusing on the cause of the problem, company will be able to deal with those factors which are creating the problems. Website error can be a problem because of server failure and behavior of the employee cannot be so good due to lack of motivation. Because of lack of attention, there can be issues related to the price and quality (Babbar Koufteros, 2008). Company can adopt proper strategy such as communicating the customers to tell about the problem. By communicating with the customers, the company will be able to get feedback from the customers. Along with this, the company will be able to explain the reason behind the failure of services. This will ensure the customers about the loyalty of the company towards the customers. Employees should be trained by the company to overcome from the failure of services. This is because the customer satisfaction depends upon the actions, judgment of the customers and decision making power. So, it is very important that company train its employees for providing the best quality services. Training of the employees should include the providing assurance to the customers who are facing problems in the services provided by the company. Along with this, training must include empower and motivate the employees at the time of failure, and focus on the satisfaction of the employees so that they can provide customer satisfaction. These training parts will be helpful for the company to recover the problems in the services (Zeithaml, Bithner Gremler, 2009). Qantas airlines can adopt the above discussed strategies for retaining the customers. It will also be helpful to recover from the services problems and failures by effective training, communication with the customers, and explanation regarding service failures. Apart from this, apology is the good option that can be adopted by the company (Cranage, 2004). CSR strategies by Qantas Qantas airlines are leading airlines in the Australian airline industry. With its good services, it has pleased its customers. This is the biggest airline in the Australian Airline industry and this is also the oldest working airline in the world. In the company there are some ethics related to the business operations. The company is using CSR strategies to strengthen its business in the Australian market (Coye, 2004). Qantas is using the fuel efficient planes and aircrafts such as Boeingdream lines 787 which is very much fuel efficient. In the Jet Star, the Aerodynamic drag is used by the company which is also very fuel effective. Along with this, the company is concerned with the conserving of fossil fuel which helps the company to save the fuel. With this strategy, company is able to save more than 4.9 million of fuel per year. This strategy of saving fuel has decreased the issue of sustainability to save the ecological balance. In todays market, customers are very concerned about the environment and they chose those services which are sustainable and environment friendly. So, the customers are associated with Qantas because it has the environmental friendly services by saving the fuel (Christopher, Payne Ballantyne, 2002). Qantas is trying to maintain its brand image strong in the market. Consumers and employees are because of the quality of services of Qantas but they want more than their needs, wants and expectations. To provide safe and secure working environment to the employees is very important for the company. There are many efforts done by the company to reduce the workplace hazards related to the health and safety of the employees in the social responsibility. Qantas also has made significant efforts to promote the workplace diversity by different measures. The organizations social performance is found positive in terms of representation of female in the board membership. The Qantas has raised its female representation in the board by 8% to 25% and in the foundation board, female representation is 57%. Along with this, Qantas has also adopted proactive attitudes for the flexible work environment for its employees. By doing this, Qantas is able to meet the national requirements. Sometimes compa ny provides necessary balance in the work life of the employees (Greatbrook, 2016). Personal quiz Culture of the organization is very important for the growth and success. The organizational culture is different in every organization. For the Qantas airlines, an analysis has been done on the basis of personal insights quiz. The scoring in the quiz is given below: I like the thrill and excitement from taking risk- 4 I prefer managers who provide detailed and expectations for their decisions- 5 If a persons job performance is inadequate, its irrelevant how much effort he or she made-5 No persons needs should be compromised in order for a department to achieve its goals-4 I like being part of a team and having my performance assessed in terms of my contribution to the team-5 I like to work where there is not a great deal of pressure and where people are essentially easygoing-4 I like things to be stable and predictable-5 According to the quiz, if the sum of the score is above 22, so it can be said that the culture of the organization is informal, flexible, and innovative. The company has humanistic and strong culture. According to me, I will be fit into this organization very well because the company always focuses on the benefit of the employees. It focuses on the welfare of the society and it also takes challenges in the competitive environment. Conclusion This report has been discussed about the environmental factors affecting the operations of Qantas airlines. From the above discussion, it has been analyzed that Qantas Airlines limited is one of the popular national airlines of Australia. This is the biggest airline in the Australian Airline industry and this is also the oldest working airline in the world. Factors in general environment describe how society or community can affect the operations of a business in general manner. The economic factors have the significant impact on the performance level of the Qantas Airlines. Qantas airline is also facing strong competition due to low cost airlines in the Australian airline industry. So, it is important to maintain the brand image among the customers. By the CSR activities, the company y is trying in this way. By the quiz, it is clear that the Qantas airlines has flexible, and innovative environment for the employees. To satisfy the customers, Qantas can provide the regret for the fai lure of the services. By expressing the apology, the image of the company can be increased in front of the customers. Along with this, company can also present compensation such as discount, vouchers and tangible payments in front of customers for improving the customer satisfaction. References Babbar, S., Koufteros, X., (2008), the human element in airline service quality: Contact personnel and customers, International Journal of operation production management, 28(9), 804-830 Christopher, M., Payne, A., Ballantyne, D., (2002), Relationship Marketing: Creating Stakeholder Value, Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann Coye, R. W., (2004), Managing customer expectations in the service encounter: International Journal of Service Industry Management, 5(1), 5471 Cranage, D., (2004), Plan to do to right: and plan for recovery: International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(4), 210219 Greatbrook, (2016), making the case for service recovery strategies, accessed on 9th January 2017 from https://greatbrook.com/service-recovery-strategies-customer-retention/ Law, R., Leung, R., (2000), a study of airlines online reservation services on the Internet: Travel Research, 39(2), 202-211 Lawton, T.C., (2002), Cleared for take-off, structure and strategy in the low fare airline business, Eng: Ashgate publishing limited Lewis, B. R., McCann, P., (2004), Service failure and recovery: evidence from the hotel industry: International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(1), 6-17 Lovelock, Wirtz, (2007), Service Marketing- people, technology, strategy (6th), Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall Pash, C., (2016), Qantas has improved its ranking as one of the world's most valuable airline brands, accessed on 9th January 2017 from https://www.businessinsider.com.au/qantas-has-improved-its-ranking-in-as-one-of-the-worlds-most-valuable-airline-brands-2016-2 Qantas airline, (2016), Connecting Australia to the world, accessed on 9th January 2017 from https://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/connecting-australia-to-the-world.pdf Qantas Airways, (2010), THE QANTAS GROUP AT A GLANCE, accessed on 9th January 2017 from https://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/FactFiles.pdf Qantas, (2015), A STRONG, SUSTAINABLE FUTURE, accessed on 9th January 2017 from https://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/2015AnnualReport.pdf Ranaweera C., Prabhu J., (2003), On the relative importance of customer satisfaction and trust as determinants of customer retention and positive word of mouth: Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 12 (1), p. 82 Roades, D.L., Waguespack,J, B, (2008), Twenty years of service quality performance in the US airlines industry managing service quality, 18(1), 20-33 Zeithaml, V.A., Bithner, M. J., Gremler, D.D., (2009), Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm (5th), NY: McGrew Hill

Lincoln And Emancipation Essays - Presidency Of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln And Emancipation He comes to us in the mists of legend as a kind of homespun Socrates, brimming with prarie wit and folk wisdom. There is a counterlegend of Lincoln, one shared ironically enough by many white Southerners and certain black Americans of our time. Neither of these views, of course, reveals much about the man who really lived--legend and political interpretations seldom do. As a man, Lincoln was complex, many-sided, and richly human. He was an intense, brooding person, he was plagued with chronic depression most of his life. At the time he even doubted his ability to please or even care about his wife. Lincoln remained a moody, melancholy man, given to long introspection about things like death and mortality. Preoccupied with death, he was also afraid to insanity. Lincoln was a teetotaler because liquor left him "flabby and undone", blurring his mind and threatening his self-control. One side of Lincoln was always Supremely logical and analytical, he was intrigued by the clarity of mathematics. As a self-made man, Lincoln felt embarrassed about his log-cabin origins and never liked to talk about them. By the 1850s, Lincoln was one of the most sought after attorney in Illinois, with a reputation as a lawyer's lawyer. Though a man of status and influence, Lincoln was as honest in real life as in legend. Politically, Lincoln was always a nationalist in outlook , an outlook that began when he was an Indiana farm boy tilling his farther mundane wheat field. Lincoln always maintained that he had always hated human bondage, as much as any abolitionist. He realized how wrong it was that slavery should exist at all in a self-proclaimed free Republic. He opposed slavery, too, because he had witnessed some of it's evils firsthand. What could be done? So went Lincoln's argument before 1854. To solve the ensuing problem of racial adjustment, Lincoln insisted that the federal government should colonize all blacks in Africa, an idea he got from his political idol, Whig national leader Henry Clay. Then came 1854 and the momentous Kansas-Nebraska Act , brainchild of Lincoln's archrival Stephen A. Douglas. At once a storm of free-soil protest broke across the North, and scores of political leaders branded the Kansas-Nebraska Act as part of a sinister Southern plot to extend slavery and augment Southern political power in Washington. The train of ominous events from Kansas-Nebraska to Dred Scott shook Lincoln to his foundations. Lincoln waded into the middle of the antiextension fight. By 1858, Lincoln, like a lot of other Republicans, began to see a grim proslavery conspiracy at work in the United States. The next step in the conspiracy would be to nationalize slavery: the Taney Court, Lincoln feared, would hand down another decision, one declaring that states could not prohibit slavery. For Lincoln and his Republican colleagues, it was imperative that the conspiracy be blocked in its initial stage - the expansion of slavery into the West. Douglas fighting for his political life in free-soil Illinois, lashed back at Lincoln with unadulterated racebaiting. Forced to take a stand against Douglas ruin him with his allegations, Lincoln conceded that he was not for Negro political or social equality. Exasperated with Douglas and white Negrophobia in general, Lincoln begged American whites "to discard all this quibbling about this man and the other man---this race and that race and the other race as being inferior. Lincoln lost the 1857 Senate contest to Douglas. Yet for the benefit of the Southerners, he repeated that he and his party would nor hurt slavery in the South. But Southerns refused to believe anything Lincoln said. At the outset of the war, Lincoln strove to be consistent with all that he and his party had said about slavery: his purpose in the struggle was strictly to save the Union. There were other reasons for Lincoln's hands-off policy about slavery. He was also waging a bipartisan war effort, with Northern Democrats and Republicans alike enlisting in his armies to save the Union. But the pressures and problems of civil war caused Lincoln to change his mind and abandon his hands policy about slavery and hurl an executive fist at slavery in the rebel states. Sumner, Lincoln's personal friend was especially persistent in advocating the freeing of the slaves. Sumner, as a major Lincoln adviser on foreign affairs, also linked emancipation to foreign policy. Black and White abolitionists belabored that point too. The pressure on Lincoln to strike at slavery was unrelenting. On that score slaves themselves were contributing to the pressures on Lincoln to

Mobile Health Apps Solutions Market worth $20.7 Billion by 2018 Essays

Mobile Health Apps Solutions Market worth $20.7 Billion by 2018 Essays Mobile Health Apps Solutions Market worth $20.7 Billion by 2018 Essay Mobile Health Apps Solutions Market worth $20.7 Billion by 2018 Essay The Mobile Health Apps Solutions Market by Connected Devices (Cardiac Monitoring, Diabetes Management Devices), Health Apps (Exercise, Weight Loss, Womens Health, Sleep and Meditation), Medical Apps (Medical Reference) Global Trends Forecast to 2018 analyzes and studies the major market drivers, restraints, and opportunities in North America, Europe, Asia, and Rest of the World. Browse 101 market data tables with 84 fgures spread through 277 pages and in-depth TOC on Mobile Health Apps Solutions Market by Connected Devices (Cardiac Monitoring, Diabetes Management Devices), Health Apps (Exercise, Weight Loss, Womens Health, Sleep and Meditation), Medical Apps (Medical Reference) Global Trends Forecast to 2018 Download a free copy of PDF [emailprotected]:// www. marketsandmarkets. com/pdfdownload. asp? id=1232 Early buyers will receive 10% customization on this report. This report studies the global mobile health apps solutions market over the forecast period of 2013-2018. The mobile healthcare market comprises of connected medical devices, healthcare application, and related mobile technology. The global mobile healthcare market is estimated at $6,336 million in 2013 and is poised to reach $20,683 million by 2018 at a CAGR of 26. 7%. Connected devices dominate the current market with around 85% of the total revenue contribution. Among different applications, cardiac monitoring and fitness tracking are the most prominent uses of mobile-enabled connected devices. With increasing awareness of the need for ealthy lifestyles, patients prefer vital signs monitoring on a continuous basis. The mobile application market is in an introductory phase, but is highly fragmented with an ample number of software-developing companies. A major restraining factor behind the growth of paid apps is the free access to maximum smartphone apps. Free apps constitute almost 90% of the download market of healthcare applications. Furthermore, significant price difference between health and medical apps lowers the adoption rate among healthcare professionals. Though the number of downloads f health apps contributed almost 90% to the healthcare applications market, revenue contribution by these apps was not significant due to its very low average price range ($1 $2/download). Consideration of a mobile application as a medical device is also a questionable issue, although the FDA is formulating a framework to regulate the apps market. As of now, there are a few certified applications in the unstructured gamut of the application market. Rising popularity may increase the download price of device-independent healthcare apps; hence, the revenue ontribution to the mobile health market is expected to be more significant. Major driving factors of the mobile Health market include the growing adoption of smartphones, tablets, and PDA, increasing awareness of chronic diseases management, advanced connectivity such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, robust penetration of 36 and 4G network, and a promise of better cost efficiency during medical practices. On the other hand, stringent FDA and EIJ regulations, and data insecurity restrict market growt . Inapproprlate patient-doctor ratlo In unaeraevelopea countrles ana ther potential mHealth platforms such as smart TV promises prospective business opportunities in the global mobile Health market. Since its inception (21st century), North America has contributed the maximum to both the devices and applications markets. The Asian mobile healthcare market is majorly contributed to by Japan and China, whereas the U. K. represents the most promising country in Europe. Several government initiatives such as mDiabetes, Indo-Dutch Project Management Society (IDPMS), Mobile Alliance for Maternal Action (MAMA), EpiSurveyor, Ushahidi, FrontlineSMS, OpenMRS, RapidSMS, and Mwana accelerates the rapid adoption of mHealth technology in emerging countries such as South Africa and Brazil. Though the healthcare apps market is highly fragmented with a large number of software- developing companies, the connected device segment is dominated by Philips (The Netherlands), Medtronic (U. S. ), Nike (U. S. ), Omron Oapan), and Alere (U. S. ). On the other hand, AT (U. S. ), Qualcomm (U. S. ), Cerner (U. S. ), and Diversinet (Canada) are the major technology providers that enhance healthcare solutions.

Intercultural communication( this is the course I'm studying, not the Assignment

Intercultural communication( this is the course I'm studying, not the topic) - Assignment Example A very close American friend of mine was getting married that bright sunny day. However, I discovered to my dismay upon reaching the venue that I was the only Chinese guest invited to the event. This marriage got organized not long after I first landed in the US which meant that my experience in fluent English conversation was quite raw then. To worsen the issue, my naivety began to get the best of me as I could not decide on the best approach to handle cultural differences scattered all around me. Being a hardcore Chinese raised with good old traditional values, bowing to everyone I came across was just second nature to me. This proved to a problem in the American culture because I felt that instead of accepting my way of paying respect, other guests ridiculed it behind my back. This made for an uncomfortable experience because it made me feel lonelier. Fortunately, a very kind guy came to rescue me soon after and attempted to teach me the ropes in Chinese. He told me how some years ago he went to China to study Mandarin and how he witnessed their cultural differences which made him just as much uncomfortable in the start as I was feeling then. He told me how one good approach to cultural differences is assimilating with foreign people and conforming to their customs. This is called the foreign country approach (Martin and Chaney 6). It made me realize that my gesture of bowing spoke volumes about me not conforming to the local customs. It is true that intercultural communication depends on learning a new language to be able to converse easily (Cai 6). But, it is also about respecting other people’s way of communication, their customs, and to research on them to avoid misunderstandings. This essay is quite enlightening because it attaches undue importance to the matter of gaining acquaintance with social norms of a country before going there. It stresses that travellers going to foreign

FDA policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FDA policy - Essay Example FDA policies regarding raising chicken FDA defines precisely how chicken should be raised in terms of the treatment given and the methods used to keep them. Its policies outline how antibiotics should be used or should not be used in poultry production. This is to slow down the development of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. The agency has trumpeted the policies as the beginning of termination of the misuse of drugs on chicken (Allport-Settle 30). However, the FDA missed the point. While the policies call for the end of using antibiotics to make chicken grow faster, they approve continuous use of such drugs to compensate for unsanitary and overcrowded conditions and prevent diseases at firm operations that produce poultry food. The prophylactic or preventive use of antibiotics resembles their use for growth promotion including similar low doses that are equally responsible in the antibiotic resistance. The FDA encourages the use of preventive drugs necessary to assure chic ken health. Left unaddressed is whatever that makes this use ‘necessary’. The use of antibiotics to make chicken grow faster seems to be in its last stages, though much will depend on how rapidly drug companies comply with the policies and whether the food poultry industry complies at all. According to the public health advocates, the fight now shifts to the use of such drugs to prevent diseases. This is a much steeper hill to scale; their misuse lies at the center of industrial food poultry production, yet the FDA has renounced its responsibility to stop it. In 2005, FDA banned the use of fluoroquinolone in poultry production in the US to reduce the occurrence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter. However, little is known regarding the potential effectiveness of this policy (Luangtongkum 72). A research was conducted with an objective of following temporal changes in the occurrences of Campylobacter among chicken from two conservative producers who declared their termination of fluoroquinolone use in 2002, only three years before the FDA’s ban. Another objective was the occurrence of this antibiotic disease in conventional chicken products to those from producers who do not use antibiotics. Chicken samples were collected from three antibiotic-free keepers and two conventional chicken keepers over the course of five months in 2004 and 15 weeks in 2006. Fluoroquinolone resistance rates were compared among Campylobacter isolates from the diverse producers. From the results, it was established that there was no major change in the percentage of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter segregates from the two conventional keepers over the period of study. Further, Campylobacter strains from both producers were significantly more probable to resist fluoroquinolone compared to those from the antibiotic-free ones. Therefore, fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter might be persistent contaminants of chicken products even after ceasing to use on-farm fluoroquinolone. The FDA’s ban on the use of this antibiotic in chicken rising may therefore be insufficient in reducing resistant Campylobacter in chicken products. FDA policies regarding genetically engineering corn For about two decades, FDA has been analyzing genetic modification methods for drug-biological growth as well as the development of new foodstuffs. The agency has carefully created policies to accommodate the evolving and changing world of biotechnology.

Education policies Essay Example for Free

Education policies Essay Education is so important in any given society. For this reason, it forms a major part of any government’s plans. The plans that any government wishes to implement as regards their education system is determined by existing policies. Factors which influence formulation of policies form the subject of this discussion. For orderly presentation, the essay is divided into three chapters namely the introduction, the main body and conclusion. The introduction gives definitions of key terms used in the essay as well as conceptual frame work, the main body outlines and discusses major factors which influenced education policies in African countries after achieving their independence and lastly the conclusion draws a summary of the essay. 1. 1 Statement of essay purpose This essay aims at discussing the factors which influenced education policies in African countries after their achievement of independence. The essay will outline these factors and later give a detailed discussion of each factor. 1. 2 Definitions of terms In order to make this discussion meaningful, it is imperative that definitions of key terms that are involved are done. The key terms involved in the discussion are education, policy and independence. The definitions of the terms are as given below Education. According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Culture Organisation (1975:1), education is defined as â€Å"organised and sustained communication designed to bring about learning† Thus education in this context involves a lifelong process by which an individual is incorporated into the group and made capable of behaving in the ways expected by the society for an individual of a particular age, sex or status. Education can take place formally, non formally and informally. However, in this context the emphasis is on formal education. Policy  A policy is defined as a deliberate plan of action which is put in place to guide decisions and achieve intended outcomes. Policies differ from rules or laws. Rules or laws are established to compel or prohibit certain behaviours while policies guide actions towards desired goals. This discussion, however, focuses on education policies. Bartlett and Burton (2012:134), define an education policy as the â€Å"rafts of laws and initiatives that determine the shape and functioning of educational systems at both national and local levels. Therefore, education policies give direction to the functioning of an education system. Independence This is defined as the freedom from being governed or ruled by another country. African countries in this discussion acquired the freedom to rule themselves from colonial mast 1. 3 Conceptual Framework Blackmore (1999), states that there are three models of policy making namely popular participation, decree and delegation models. This discussion will refer to these three models in outlining and discussing the factors which influenced education policies in African countries after achieving their independence. These models are discussed in detail below. (a) Popular Participation Policy making model. (b) In this model, everybody is given an opportunity to contribute to the formulation of policies. People in African countries were given opportunities to make suggestions on changes to make to the education system. For example, Zambia’s educational reforms of 1977. (c) Decree Policy Making Model In this model, the head of state makes pronouncements on the direction to be followed in a given education system. (d) Delegation Policy Making Model This involves appointing a commission to review the education system of a given country. For example the Onide Commission was appointed to review the education system of Kenya in 1963. Policies are made with respect to the findings of the commission. CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 Main Body This chapter outlines and discusses the major factors that influenced education policies in African countries after achieving independence. These factors are as given and discussed below. Education for Economic Development The consideration given to education as an important vehicle for economic development is one of the factors which influenced education policies in African countries after achieving independence. Investment in formal education was considered as an essential precondition for economic growth. African countries learnt lessons from developed countries that a high basic platform of education was a catalyst to rapid economic development. There was a belief among developing countries that the modernisation, industrialisation and wealth of developed countries were the direct consequence of their educational systems. Coombs (1970) argues that during the 1960s education in developing countries was regarded as a sort of intellectual yeast which would ferment and transform pre industrial societies by promoting knowledge, skills and attitudes which were favourable to economic and social development. Therefore, education policies in African countries after the achievement of independence were directed at promoting education pro vision expansion in order to achieve meaningful development. In fact an argument is advanced by Anderson (1965), that analysis of evidence from major developed countries such as Britain, France, United States of America and Russia that in general terms, a thresh hold male literacy rate of 40 percent was required before there be any significant take off of economic development. To this end, African countries directed their policies on education after attaining independence towards increased access to education in order to reach the required thresh hold of literacy. Therefore, in the 1950s and 1960s, demand and plans for investment in formal education by African countries increased. Education was regarded to be a principal weapon in achieving economic growth. To this end rapid quantitative expansion of the education system became the order of the day in newly independent African countries. Man power Shortages. After attaining independence, African countries were confronted with shortage of manpower in various sectors of the economy. As a result of this scenario, they experienced economic stagnation. Man power shortages were heavily felt in technical and managerial fields. Thus, education policies in most African countries were directed towards resolving the man power shortages experienced. This situation was evident from what obtained in Kenya. As Eshiwani (1993:26), observes ‘’at independence in 1963, Kenya found herself with a high shortage of skilled manpower to run the economy. In order to solve this problem, a commission was appointed to advise the government on the formulation and interpretation of national educational policies. † Therefore, it can be stated that man power planning in newly independent countries of Africa gave a direction to the formulation of education policies. Consequently, the governments of newly independent countries of Africa saw it paramount to expand the education systems of their countries in order to produce more graduates from the education system that would fill the manpower gaps which were experienced in various sectors of the economy. Most technical and managerial jobs at independence in most African countries were occupied by foreigners. Therefore, the aim of most African governments was to decolonise the education systems, produce more output from secondary and higher education so that manpower to participate in national development could be realised. Fafunwa (1974), Contends that education development in African countries like Nigeria was treated as a national emergency for the reason of curbing manpower shortages in crucial areas of the economy. In order to meet the requirements of manpower in various sectors of the economy, the policies of African countries after independence were directed at increasing school enrolments, especially at the post primary level. Rapid expansion of secondary and higher education was considered as a pre requisite for sustainable economic growth. Enhancing education as a basic human right Newly independent African countries were confronted with a task of providing to every child their basic, essential right to education. The kind education that was to be provided was supposed to be relevant to the child in his or her African setting. For this reason, most newly African countries had massive capital and recurrent budgets towards the financing of primary education for all. The provision of education especially at elementary level to citizens of newly independent African countries was prompted by the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights in which education is enshrined as a basic human right. As Bishop (1989:1), postulates, â€Å"Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. †Therefore, from the foregoing, newly independent African countries were compelled to provide education especially primary education on the grounds of human justice and equity. The newly independent African countries were supposed to consider primary education as the birth right of every child. This was due to the fact that education was seen as an effective way to give all children regardless of sex or family background an equal start in life. Furthermore, the leadership of newly independent African countries considered education to be the great equaliser that would help to narrow the wide disparities which were apparent in conditions of living in rural and urban communities. Before the attainment of independence, education in most African countries was a preserve for the elite. In order to correct this, African leaders made radical changes to their education systems to make them more accommodative to everyone. As Carmody (1994:23), contends â€Å"As in most African countries, from the early days Africa’s leaders viewed education as a powerful, often the most powerful vehicle for social transformation. Thus, as the UNIP government assumed power, among its immediate priorities were the elimination of racial segregation in schools and expansion of education provision. Tuition and boarding fees were abolished. † A point was also made by Bishop (1989), which in the days of the 1950s and 1960s massive expansion of education provision was regarded as the best means available for rooting out old prejudices and socio economic injustices. Therefore, education was regarded as basic human right which everyone needed to enjoy as provided in the foregoing arguments. In the pursuit of providing universal primary education, newly African countries set for themselves benchmarks. For example, the Addis Ababa conference on the development of education in Africa held in 1961 recommended that primary education was to be universal, compulsory and free by 1980. The conference further recommended that secondary education was to be provided to 30 percent of the children who completed primary school. Similarly, the conference of Arab states which met in Tripoli in 1966 also set 1980 as the target date for achieving universal primary education. To this end, it can be argued that one of the factors that influenced the formulation of education policies of African countries after achieving independence was related to the consideration that education was a basic human right which every citizen of a given country was supposed to enjoy . Hence, massive investment in the provision of education was undertaken by African countries after attaining independence in order to promote the achievement of universal primary education. As Court and Kinyanjui (1978:14), comment on the provision of Universal Primary Education in Tanzania. â€Å"President Nyerere had the choice of expanding the number of classes at grades V to VII so that those children entering primary education received seven years of schooling instead of four†. It can be concluded from the foregoing statement that the decision was arrived at because it enabled finances to be spent on the provision of 7 years of education to one child which helped him or her to become a useful member of society. African countries aimed at improving the access to education by increasing the number of school places which was facilitated by expanding already existing schools as well as construction of new schools in different parts of their countries. Promotion of Modernisation. African countries formulated their education policies with respect to the purpose of attaining modernisation. In order to influence modernisation in their countries, there was massive investment in education. This was a result of the belief that schooling would assist in the inculcation of modern ideas and attitudes. Bishop (1989), postulate that evidence seemed to indicate that schooling influenced the development of modern traits and ideas. To this end, schooling had some impact on modernisation. This was manifestated in higher levels of modernity among urban people and lower modernity among rural people. Consequently, many African leaders in newly independent countries felt modernisation of attitudes and behaviours was an important pre requisite for their countries’ development. According to Carmody (1994), education should socialise a nation’s population into modern values, attitudes and personalities. For this reason there was more emphasis on the expansion of education systems in newly independent African countries in order to enhance the access levels. Increased access to education meant increased modernity levels within a given country. In studies which were conducted be Inkeles and Smith (1974), indicate that education was the single most variable for modernisation. The studies indicate that each year of schooling improved a person’s score on their modernity scale by about 2 points. Education was also very effective in the development of positive attitudes and values. For this reason, formulation of education policies in newly independent African countries was influenced by the idea of modernisation. Modernisation was to be attained by every citizen in the newly independent African countries through education. Ensuring Citizens’ Political Participation The citizens’ participation in political affairs of their countries could be seen as one of the major factors which influenced education policies in African countries after achieving independence. Political participation of citizens of a particular country was linked to the notion of modernisation. This was due to the fact that knowledge was regarded as power. For this reason, many political leaders of African drafted educational policies which were responsive to the promotion of political participation of citizens in nation matters. This was highly evident in the content of education which was offered to the citizens . Again this could only be realised through the wide spread of education in African countries which most leaders promoted through the expansion of the education system. Cowan (1965), stressed that any political principle which governed education policy in independent African countries was supposed to regard as a top priority the provision of an education that would establish the most vigorous form of self government and independence. Therefore, extending schooling to a larger population would make more people politically and socially conscious and more active in the process of nation building. Thus, if equal political rights were to be enjoyed by everyone then everyone ought to have at least an adequate primary school education to participate more fully in the political process of their country. Promotion of Social Equality and Removal of Divisions The attainment of social equality is among the major factors which influenced education policies in African countries after achieving independence. Education was regarded as an instrument of social equality which was critical in the upbringing of social responsibility. Therefore, education policies which were put in place by African countries after attainment of independence were directed towards the promotion of social equality within their countries. Consequently, more and more school places were created in most parts of African countries to bring about the issue of equality within their countries in the provision of education services. Equality in the provision of education was called for as it ensured that child was provided with varied and challenging opportunities for collective activities and corporate social services. Furthermore, Eshiwani (1993), points out that the promotion of social equality in the formulation of education policies in African countries after achieving independence helped young people to acquire positive attitudes of mutual respect which enabled them to live together in harmony and to make a positive contribution to the national life. This contribution to national life was not supposed to be extended to every part of the country, hence the need of social equality in the provision of education. Respect and Development of Cultural Heritage The formulation of education policies in African countries after achieving independence was influenced by the need for promoting respect and development of cultural heritage. Education policies were directed towards the promotion of respect, fostering and developing the rich cultures which African countries have. For this reason, policy formulation as regards this situation was clearly addressed in the content of education which African countries were to provide to their people. The content of education was adapted to the culture of the people in any particular African country. In support of this assertion, Eshiwani (1993), states that the commission which was assigned to review Kenya’s education system in 1963 recommended that Kenyan schools were to respect the cultural traditions of the people of the country, both as expressed in social institutions and relationships. Similarly, Damachi et al (1978), reports that education policies in African countries after attainment of independence were influenced by the need to enhance every aspect of human development which included the promotion of cultural heritage. Consequently, African countries were to state clearly their language of instruction in their education system both at lower and higher levels. This was done with the sole aim of promoting the preservation of cultural heritage and national unity. To this end the education policies which most African countries drafted after the attainment of independence were geared towards learners understanding of past and present cultural values and their valid place in contemporary society. Education for Self Reliance The education policies of African countries were influenced by the need for the curriculum offered to respond to the attainment of self reliance. Thus the recipients of such education were supposed to engage themselves in self employing activities. The curriculum of African countries emphasized practical subjects in order to ensure the acquisition of self reliance by learners. It was realised that the kind of education which was offered in some countries in Africa was too bookish and academic. The education system in most African countries separated manual work from learning. Thus theory was separated from practice. This situation further alienated young people from their societies. Therefore, education reforms in most African countries were inevitable so as reverse this trend. As Bishop (1989:116), reports â€Å"By the mid 1950s it was being argued once again that schooling should be reformed principally through curriculum reform to include more practical and vocational studies’’ Similarly, Carmody (1994), reports that Zambia’s First National Development Plan pointed to the need for increasingly relating secondary education to the needs of the country by diversifying the secondary school syllabus into technical and commercial fields and giving a new place to agriculture. Therefore, it can be pointed out that education policies in African countries were supposed to address the concept of self reliance. Academic schooling was to be placed side by side with technical and vocational training in African countries. Improvement of Education Efficiency The education policies of most African countries after achieving independence were influenced by the need of improving the efficiency of the education systems. In education systems of African countries, it was felt that there was no correlation between inputs and out puts as well as between costs and returns. Education policies were centred on the need of making the systems of education to be more efficient. That is, the education systems were supposed to achieve their output at the lowest cost and also get the greatest return for a given cost. According to Bishop (1989), most education systems in African countries after achieving independence were inefficient, particularly at secondary and higher levels. The inputs such as expenditure per student or teacher training did not seem to have the effects on test scores which educators anticipated. Therefore, education policies were designed in a manner that would make the education systems in newly independent African countries to be more efficient. Additionally, education in many African countries was dysfunctional. It relied heavily on rote learning and led to an inappropriate reverence for paper qualifications. Furthermore, most curricular in African countries were irrelevant to pupils’ future lives and created an imbalance with many school leavers unemployed. Consequently, African countries formulated policies which were aimed at addressing the challenges which were faced in education systems. Education as a means of fostering international consciousness Education policies in African countries were influenced by the need to foster international consciousness in learners. Education policies as complimented by the content of education provided to learners was supposed to ensure that positive attitudes towards other countries as well as the international community were upheld. This was emphasized because no country existed as an island. Each country depended on others for its prosperity. Therefore, it was essential that learners were provided with education that would instil international consciousness for the purpose of promoting cooperation among countries. CHAPTER THREE. 3. 0 CONCLUSION Education policies in African countries after their achievement of independence were influenced by a number of factors. Some of the major factors which influenced education policies in African countries included manpower shortages, recognition of education as a basic human right, consideration of education as a tool for development, modernisation, improving education efficiency, need for citizens’ political participation, and promotion of international consciousness among learners as well as self reliance. Changes in education policies were inevitable due to the fact that African countries experienced change in government. A change in government is associated with an ideological shift, thus aspects of the education system in a given country  will be in a continual state of reformation. Hence, changes occurred in education aspects such as content, teaching methodologies, assessment and structure. REFERENCES. Anderson, C. A (1974), Education and Development Re considered, Newyork: praeger Publishers. Bartlett, S and Burton, D (2012), Introduction to Education Studies, Los Angeles: Sage Publishers. Bishop, G (1989), Alternative Strategies for Education, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Carmody, B (1994), The Evolution of Education in Zambia, Lusaka: Book World Publishers. Coombs, P. H (1970), The Need for a New Strategy of Education Development, Paris: UNESCO. Court, D and Kinyanjui, K, K (1978), Development Policy and Education Opportunity: The Experience of Tanzania and Kenya, Paris: Macmillan. Cowan, J. O (1965), Education and National Building in Africa, London: Macmillan Damachi, U. G, Routh, G and Abdel, R. A (1978), Development Paths in Africa and China, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan. Eshiwani, G. S (1993), Education in Kenya since Independence, Nairobi: East African Education Publishers Fafunwa, A. B (1974), History of Education in Nigeria, London: Macmillan Press. Inkeles, A and Smith, D (1974), Becoming Modern, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Godfather II :: essays papers

Godfather II The real importance of any movie can't be adequately appraised solely by box office success or critical response. 'The Godfather Part II† is an example of how a carefully crafted sequel to a great film can become both a box office and critical success when attention is paid to its artistic quality. The movie continues the tale of the Corleone family, and presents to the viewers a world filled with greed and betrayal, family union and loyalty. A companion piece in the truest sense of the term, â€Å"The Godfather Part II† earned as much praise as its predecessor, if not more. Earning twelve Academy Award nominations, the second installment has been rightfully hailed as the best sequel of all time. While "The Godfather, Part II" did not exceed the box office gross of the original, the movie can still be considered a blockbuster, and not at all a flop. â€Å"The Godfather† earned instant success when it was first released in 1972. Earning both praise from critics and box office success, making about $135 million, the movie became an instant classic. One of the reasons for the high status of â€Å"The Godfather Part II† lies in the fact that the movie was authored by the same author with the same intent in mind. While other sequels usually serve as nothing more than easy way for unimaginative producers to cash on previous successes, â€Å"The Godfather Part II† was a nice opportunity for â€Å"Coppola to experiment, correct some possible flaws or even answer to critics of his previous work.† (Dragan Antulov, IMDB) The biggest and most serious objection to â€Å"The Godfather† was Coppola's allegedly apologetic portrayal the Mafia. Coppola was accused of showing organized crime as being more noble and less violent than it actually was. His Mafiosi are shown as dedicated family men, opposed to narcot ics and any unnecessary violence, and in some way even better alternative to legitimate government. In the second movie, Coppola intended to use the story of the first part to paint more realistic and, consequently, much darker picture. Instant financial success did not follow â€Å"The Godfather Part Two† as it did the first movie. The reason was created due to the fact that the second movie represented one of the examples of the now generally despised practice in modern Hollywood, making sequels out of the successful, great movies. Godfather II :: essays papers Godfather II The real importance of any movie can't be adequately appraised solely by box office success or critical response. 'The Godfather Part II† is an example of how a carefully crafted sequel to a great film can become both a box office and critical success when attention is paid to its artistic quality. The movie continues the tale of the Corleone family, and presents to the viewers a world filled with greed and betrayal, family union and loyalty. A companion piece in the truest sense of the term, â€Å"The Godfather Part II† earned as much praise as its predecessor, if not more. Earning twelve Academy Award nominations, the second installment has been rightfully hailed as the best sequel of all time. While "The Godfather, Part II" did not exceed the box office gross of the original, the movie can still be considered a blockbuster, and not at all a flop. â€Å"The Godfather† earned instant success when it was first released in 1972. Earning both praise from critics and box office success, making about $135 million, the movie became an instant classic. One of the reasons for the high status of â€Å"The Godfather Part II† lies in the fact that the movie was authored by the same author with the same intent in mind. While other sequels usually serve as nothing more than easy way for unimaginative producers to cash on previous successes, â€Å"The Godfather Part II† was a nice opportunity for â€Å"Coppola to experiment, correct some possible flaws or even answer to critics of his previous work.† (Dragan Antulov, IMDB) The biggest and most serious objection to â€Å"The Godfather† was Coppola's allegedly apologetic portrayal the Mafia. Coppola was accused of showing organized crime as being more noble and less violent than it actually was. His Mafiosi are shown as dedicated family men, opposed to narcot ics and any unnecessary violence, and in some way even better alternative to legitimate government. In the second movie, Coppola intended to use the story of the first part to paint more realistic and, consequently, much darker picture. Instant financial success did not follow â€Å"The Godfather Part Two† as it did the first movie. The reason was created due to the fact that the second movie represented one of the examples of the now generally despised practice in modern Hollywood, making sequels out of the successful, great movies.

How to Write a Thesis Statement (with Free Sample Statement) Essay

1. What is debate? A debate is a contest, or, perhaps, like a game, where two or more speakers present their arguments intent on persuading one another. Men have been debating with one another since the beginning of time when the serpent first debated with Eve the benefits of eating certain fruits in the Garden. We shall limit ourselves here with discussing formal contest debating between educational institutions, or, in the world of homeschooling, between families that choose to bypass educational institutions and educate their children at home. http://www.triviumpursuit.com/speech_debate/what_is_debate.htm 2. You have heard the words, but what is the difference between an argument and a debate? An argument can be defined as an opinion that is supported with evidence. Debates are based upon arguments. A formal debate usually takes place in a formal setting with a team representing each side of the argument. Specific guidelines are followed, and the debate is usually judged. In order to debate an argument, you need to know both the pros and cons of the issue. In a debate, each team presents a different side of the argument. You must be able to defend your side and support your reasoning with evidence. In other words, saying that you don’t like broccoli because it doesn’t taste good would not provide any substance for a debate. However, providing reasons for why it’s better for a parent to stay at home with a child as opposed to both parents working outside the home is a debate that has been occurring for years. http://www.compuhigh.com/demo/eng12les09.htm 3. A motion, also known as a proposition or resolution in other formats, is a statement that usually sets the topic for the given debate. Usually, this is an unambiguously worded statement that is general in terminology in order to be understood by not only the debaters themselves but also by the general audience. In any debate, the motion is always supported by the government and opposed by the opposition, regardless of how the motion is worded. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Debate/Motions_and_resolutions 4. In policy debate, constructive speeches are the first four speeches of a debate round. Constructive speeches are each followed by a 3-minutecross-examination period. In high school, constructive speeches are 8 minutes long; in college, they are 9 minutes. In general, constructive arguments are the only time that a team can make new arguments. The last four speeches of the debate are reserved for refutations of arguments  already made. In current policy debate, the â€Å"first affirmative constructive† (1AC) is used to present the â€Å"plan†. Whether or not all new â€Å"off-case arguments† must be presented in the â€Å"first negative constructive† is a point of contention. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_speech 5. In policy debate, the rebuttal speeches are the last four speeches. Unlike the constructive speeches, rebuttal speeches are not followed by across-examination period. In high school, rebuttals are usually 5 minutes long (with the exception of certain states and organizations that use 4 minute rebuttals).[1] In college debate, they are generally 6 minutes. Rebuttal speeches must address arguments made in the constructive speeches. They generally may not propose new arguments or recover arguments dropped in a team’s previous speeches.[2] Teams breaking from this pre cedent are often met by claims of abuse from opponents. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebuttal_(policy_debate) 6. parliamentary procedure, also called rules of order, the generally accepted rules, precedents, and practices commonly employed in the governance of deliberative assemblies. Such rules are intended to maintain decorum, to ascertain the will of the majority, to preserve the rights of the minority, and to facilitate the orderly transaction of the business of an assembly.Origins and development Rules of order originated in the early British Parliaments. In the 1560s Sir Thomas Smith wrote an early formal statement of procedures in the House of Commons, which was published in 1583. Lex Parliamentaria (1689; â€Å"Parliamentary Law†) was a pocket manual for †¦ (100 of 1,382 words) http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/444328/parliamentary-procedure 7.RULES OF OXFORD OREGON DEBATE Cross-Examination/Oregon-Oxford/Forensic Debate – traditional debate format used in elementary, governors debate, house debate rules, parliamentary debate rules, high school debate, youtube debate, presidential debate, colleges and all over the country. – There are 2 sides in this format : the Affirmative and the Negative. The Affirmative proves the validity of the issue or topic called the Proposition while the Negative disproves it. Each team has two speakers and one scribe. A Debate Moderator enforces the rules to ensure the debate’s smooth conduct. Format of Debate – Oxford-Oregon Type Three Speakers from each side First Affirmative – Constructive SpeechFirst Negative – Interpellation of  the first affirmative Speaker First Negative – Constructive Speech First Affirmative – Interpellation of the first negative speake r Second Affirmative – Constructive Speech Second Negative – Interpellation of the second affirmative Second Negative – Constructive Second Affirmative – Interpellation of the second negative Third Affirmative – Constructive Speech Third Negative – Interpellation of the third affirmative Third Negative – Constructive Speech B Third Affirmative – Interpellation of the third negative Rebuttal of the Team Captain of the Negative Side Rebuttal of the Team Captain of the Affirmative Side http://alljectsart.blogspot.com/2011/01/rules-of-oxford-oregon-debate.html

Garcetti versus Ceballos case - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 333 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Based on the requirement in the first amendment which was developed under Pickering versus  Ã‚   Board of Education case, the final ruling on Garcetti and Ceballos can be ethically justified. This is after following the guidelines which are in existence and how a public employee is separate from just normal citizens.   The first amendment was very clear speech for government or public employee has to be control and accept the defined limitation which is subjected by the constitution regarding freedom of speech. The fact is that Ceballos made the right speech as a normal citizen, how the constitutional law victimized this since his freedom is limited in accordance to the opportunity he has to work with the government.   The restrictions are good to develop policies which would keep secretes of government administration.   However, it should be understood that Ceballos was not denied freedom of expression on what he regarded as poor treatment and denial of promotion, in stead the case used ethical lens which evaluate interests of citizens and others who have special opportunity to serve the government.   However, this doesn’t mean public employees are not protected by the first amendment but it is their role as government representatives to make positive implications and build the image of the government to the citizens. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Garcetti versus Ceballos case" essay for you Create order It is the role of civil societies to criticize and not the government employees. The case was screened and decided under integration of ethical lens such as communitarian normative aspect which helps to create relationship or a link between individual, state and the community.   This is where position and expectations of Ceballos were decided following what he claimed to be unfair treatment and mode of expression he used. The fact is that, the community should have not known instead a memo and communication should have been made internally to make resolutions.   Liberal ethical lens was also captured since the case emphasized in freedom of speech under regulated or controlled conditions which is separate from common citizens.   In conclusion, Garcetti versus Ceballos